從私人收藏到國(guó)家博物館——荷蘭庫(kù)勒-勒穆愽物館收藏的“中國(guó)白”瓷器
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小陶陶
2021-12-08 11:19:56 作者：陳伊鴻 翻譯：孫延燕1778
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2011年11月，由北京故宮博物院、中國(guó)古陶瓷學(xué)會(huì)、福建省文物局、德化縣人民政府共同主辦的“2011中國(guó)瓷都?德化密學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)”在瓷都德化舉辦，近百位國(guó)內(nèi)外博物館館長(zhǎng)、從事陶瓷文化研究的專家學(xué)者齊聚瓷都德化，以“的故鄉(xiāng)、瓷藝術(shù)的搖籃”為主題，共同研討深厚的德化窯陶瓷文化。
研討會(huì)共提交專題論文39篇，其中不乏外國(guó)專家的作品。與會(huì)的專家學(xué)者以翔實(shí)的圖文史料為佐證，從學(xué)術(shù)專業(yè)的角度對(duì)化窯在國(guó)內(nèi)外陶瓷文化領(lǐng)域的歷史地位和影響做了全面深刻的闡述，是一筆難得的豐碩的學(xué)術(shù)成果。
近期，《外國(guó)人眼中的“”》欄目將再次回顧刊載該研討會(huì)的相關(guān)論文，并對(duì)其中的論文進(jìn)行翻譯，為廣大德化陶瓷文化研究愛好者提供學(xué)習(xí)、交流、參考。
From private collection to state museum, the history of the Kr?ller-Müller Museum in Holland
Mrs.Drs. Tan, I Hong, an independent art-historian
The Kr?ller-müller Museum owes its existence to Helene Kr?ller-Müller(1869-1939), the daughter of a German industrialist. In 1888 she married a Dutchman, Anton Kr?ller, who became a director of her father's company. Helene began collecting decorative arts around 1905. She bought her first painting in 1907. Around this time an important Dutch art connaisseur, H.P.Bremmer, became her personal adviser. With his help Helene collected almost 11 500 art works.
庫(kù)勒-勒穆博物館歸功于德國(guó)企業(yè)家的女兒海琳?庫(kù)勒?穆勒(1869-1939)。1888年海琳嫁給了一個(gè)荷蘭人安東?庫(kù)勒，她的丈夫后來(lái)成為她父親公司的老板。大約從1905年開始，海琳開始進(jìn)行裝飾藝術(shù)品的收藏。1907年，她購(gòu)買了她生平的第一件繪畫作品。也就是在此時(shí)，荷蘭一位重要的藝術(shù)品收藏家H.P. Bremmer成為了她的私人顧問(wèn)。在他的幫助下，海琳收藏了近11500件藝術(shù)作品。
（Helene Kr?ller-Müller (1869-1939)海琳庫(kù)勒穆勒肖像(1869-1939年）)
The acquisitions were funded from the capital amassed by her husband as a director of Wm.H. Müller & Co, a German Trading Company. In the 1920’s and the 1930’s the company was severely hit by the economic recession and the Kr?ller-müllers were threatened with losing their estate and their art collection.
海琳藝術(shù)品的收藏主要受她丈夫的資金幫助，那時(shí)他的丈夫是德國(guó)一家貿(mào)易公司的老板。在二十世紀(jì)二三十年代，公司受到經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的影響而備受打擊，庫(kù)勒?穆勒因此差點(diǎn)失去它的資產(chǎn)和藝術(shù)收藏。
（Figure of Guanyin seated on rockwork with a boy on her lap, 1640 19x7. 3x6cm 坐巖觀音像，膝抱有一小童，約1640年，19×7.3×6厘米）
(Two women, a hare and a parrot on a piece of rock, early 18th century, 11x6x6.6cm 兩位貴婦立于巖石上，另有一只野兔和鸚鵡陪伴于身前，18世紀(jì)早期，11 x6 x6.6厘米)
（Seated Deity, on a low seat late 17 -early 18 Century,21.1x9.5x7.6cm坐椅神像，約17世紀(jì)后期至18世紀(jì)早期，21.1×9.5×7.6厘米）
As a precaution, in 1935 Helene donated her entire collection to the Dutch State with the condition that the State would built a museum to house the collection on the estate which is now the National Park De Hoge Veluwe".Helene s dream became true in 1938 with the opening of the State Museum Kr?ller-müller in the small town Otterlo in the province Gelderland. Helene was the first director until her death in 1939.
為了防患于未然，在1935年，海琳將她的全部收藏都捐獻(xiàn)給了國(guó)家，條件是國(guó)家要在如今被稱為霍格費(fèi)呂沃家國(guó)家公園的地方建一座專門的博物館來(lái)收藏她的藏品。海琳的理想在1938年成為了現(xiàn)實(shí)，庫(kù)勒-穆勒家級(jí)博物館于同年在位于荷蘭的格爾德蘭省( (Gelderland)的小城奧特洛( Otterlo)正式開館。海琳也成了博物館的第一任館長(zhǎng)，直到她1939年去世。
（An pair of Buddhist Guardian Lions (Dogs of Fo), late 17 -early 18 century,34x8.9x12.5cm佛教對(duì)獅(護(hù)佛) 約17世紀(jì)后期至18世紀(jì)早期，34×8.9×12.5厘米）
（Vase with prunus spray reliefs，18th century 15.7x7.9櫻花枝浮雕花瓶，18世紀(jì)，15.7×7.9厘米）
Her collection included many paintings such as 91 pieces from the famous painter Vincent van Gogh(1853-1890).She also wanted to express the spiritual experience of art, which she did by collecting a number of Madonna portraits and classic Chinese religious works of art, such as jade, soap stone Daoist figures, antique Buddhas, all kinds of Chinese porcelain, Blanc de Chine porcelain figures such as Goddess of Mercy Guan Yin' s in which she could see a pure form of spirituality. She would put them on her writing desk and in dinner room cupboard etc. She has 53 Blanc de Chine porcelain pieces of different shapes in her museum.
海琳的收藏內(nèi)容廣泛，其中包括許多繪畫作品，例如著名畫家文森特?凡?高的91件繪畫作品就被她收藏。與此同時(shí)，她也希望通過(guò)收集的諸多圣母瑪利亞肖像畫和如玉器、滑石道教塑像、古典佛像等各種各樣的中國(guó)古典宗教題材的藝術(shù)品來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)一些藝術(shù)作品的精神感受。諸如“”的德化瓷塑像中的觀音女神幾乎可以看作是完全意義上的精神圣靈。海琳常常將她們放在寫字臺(tái)或餐廳的櫥柜上。她的博物館里藏有53件不同形態(tài)的“”瓷器作品。
I am grateful to the Museum for providing their photos materials for research and in particular to Mr. drs. Bas Mühren, curator who has given his time to show me the collections of the Museum.
我非常感謝博物館能夠?qū)⑺麄兊恼掌Y料提供給我作為研究的參考，特別是要感謝館長(zhǎng)巴斯穆勒先生他抽出時(shí)間向我介紹博物館的館藏。
責(zé)任編輯：陳美珠
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